Essays --

Introduction From any corner in the world you will be surrounded by propaganda: in the streets, in your house, even when you’re driving. Propaganda appears in many forms but I personally believe it to be the shaping of public beliefs, in which communication is used with the intention of manipulating. In short, propaganda is the art of brainwash. This form of art has been going for many centuries and has played an important role in the history of art, especially during the 20th century in which propaganda was used to persuade people to join the military service or to stand for their countries during wartime. At that time the objective was only one, nowadays there is more than one objective; how does propaganda influence the way 21st century society pre-establishes ideas and makes contradictions within taboos such as tattoos, marijuana and sexuality? By focusing on marijuana it can be noticed that there are several public opinions to it. Some believe it should be legalized as a drug, others think it shouldn’t and others think it should only be consumed for medical benefit. Similarly, tattoos are said to be a â€Å"respectable form of artâ€Å" by some while others state that â€Å"they demonstrate a lack of education and classâ€Å" and that â€Å"once you get a tattoo you put yourself in a lower echelon of societyâ€Å". Media and propaganda encourage us to accept all types of sexuality. Propaganda portrays homosexuals and bisexuals as exhibitors of gender-atypical behaviors. Despite the fact that propaganda has become less stereotyped over time, researchers believe that it hasn’t changed that much over the last ten years. Taboo: Tattoos. Social definition. Tattoos are defined to be â€Å"a permanent mark or design made on the skin by a proc... ...d Elisava in Barcelona respectively, and who wish to remain anonymous, I can determine that my conclusion is valid, as all these factors play a role when pre-establishing ideas and making contradictions. I can also state that it is in fact, a form of manipulation, as it makes the audience pre-establish ideas about certain things and then judge others. However, the students stated that, apparently, this was decreasing with the passing of time, as these taboos are becoming more accepted by first world countries. To conclude, I believe this is a vicious cycle; similar to the story of the chicken and the egg. Which came first? Society has a pre-established idea. Media and mass communication want to sell what the audience wants, so they portray these ideologies, so in turn, society is subconsciously affected by the concepts conveyed, as they are stereotyped...But by who?

Locke on Language Essay

John Locke (1632-1704) is a great influential British philosopher, reputed by many as the first of the great English empiricists. He offered a comprehensive philosophy of language as well, which was the first of its kind in modern philosophy. In line with Descartes, he pushed reason to the forefront as a tool of philosophical enquiry and opposed authoritarianism and blind acceptance of dictates of religion or superstitions. Locke’s masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding and the legitimacy of knowledge claims. Specifically, Book III of the work investigates into language and its importance in the process of knowledge and epistemological enquiries. Let me brief the main aspects of his approach to language and the context from which it evolves out. Body of the Essay (Lockean Enquiry into Language) In the four Books of the Essay, Locke considers the sources and nature of human knowledge and as a part of it he takes up a study of language. (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke, 1. 1. 7. , p. 47). Against Descartes, he claimed, that mind has no innate ideas (primary notions or inborn ideas). Human mind is a tabula rasa (clear slate) and experiences write on it. In holding this view he subscribes to the axiom of empiricism that ‘there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses’. Ideas are but materials, out of which, knowledge is constructed. Neither speculative or innate moral principles, nor ideas, such as God, identity, etc. , are there in the mind of the new-born. ‘Children and the idiots prove it’, Locke says. His theory of substratum and substance, and the distinction he makes between primary and secondary qualities are all someway connected to his theory of language. The distinction between real essences and nominal essences, which he makes, stems from his theories of substance and qualities. It seems Locke holds some version of the representational theory of perception, though some scholars dispute it. Locke is not at all skeptic about substances as did Hume. Since Berkeley, Locke’s theory of the substratum or substance has been attacked as incoherent. Since we have no such experience of such an entity there is no way to derive such an idea from experience, his critics argue. (cf. I. IV. 18. p 95) The real essence of a material thing is its atomic constitution. The atomic constitution is the causal basis of all the observable properties of the thing. If the real essences were known all the observable properties could be deduced from it. These real essences are quite unknown to us according to Locke. Ayer interprets: ‘substance in general’ means whatever it is that supports qualities, while the real essence means ‘the particular atomic constitution lying behind observable qualities. Ayer treats the unknown substratum as the same as real essence. This interpretation eliminates the need to explain particulars without properties. But it is to be accepted that such reductionism lacks textual support from Locke and it conflicts some of Locke’s own positions according to some critics. A theory of meaning (semantic theory) is central to any philosophical account of language Locke also develops one when he claims that our words (general terms) refer to our (abstract) ideas. Abstract ideas and classification are of central importance to Locke’s discussion of language. Words that stand for ideas can be distinguished as ideas of substances, simple modes, mixed modes, relations etc. Not all words are ideas, for example, particles that relate. In his analysis of language, Locke gives more attention to nouns than to verbs (II. 7. 1. p 471). Though Locke’s main semantic theory claimed that â€Å"Words in their primary or immediate signification signify nothing but the ideas in the mind of him that uses them†, it was vehemently criticized as a classic blunder in semantic theory. For J. S. Mill, Locke seems not distinguishing the meaning of the word from its reference. But as Norman Kretzmann rightly points out Locke distinguishes between meaning and reference (Tipton, 1977, pp. 123-140). In Locke’s discussion on substances, he says, physical substances are atoms and things made up of atoms. But we have no experience of the atomic structure of horses and tables. Horses and tables are known through secondary qualities such as color, taste, smell etc and primary qualities such as shape and extension. Hence he held that real essence cannot give meaning of names. Ordinary people are the chief makers of language, he believed. Conclusion Locke brought in a tradition in language theory that influenced James Campbell and I. A. Richards, rhetoricians like Edward P. J. Corbett, Condillac, Saussure and structuralists like Claude Levi-Strauss. Linguistic philosophy (logical positivism, logical atomism and so on) in 20th century had something to respond to Locke if not to receive from him. However, I wouldn’t reckon Locke as a linguist than an empiricist. References Locke, John (1995) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Aemherst, New York: Prometheus Books. Kretzmann, Norman (1977) â€Å"The Main Thesis of Locke’s Semantic Theory†. in Locke on Human Understanding,(ed) I. C. Tipton. pp. 123-140.

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis. Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classic tragedy. ?.... this is, first of all, a play about a mans death. And tragedy has from the beginning dealt with this awesome experience, regarding it as significant and moving.? (Nourse). The first defining point of a tragedy is the hero. The†¦show more content†¦His tragic flaw, however, is more than evident. Like Jason in the classic tragedy Medea by Euripedes, his sense of pride clouds reality. His business is in the work of a simple carpenter, but his pride won?t leave him to settle for such low-class work. ?Biff: What the hell do you want from me? What do you want from me? Willy: Greatness-? (Miller, 220.) His judgment is so skewed by his dreams that he even begins to try and live his fantasies through his sons, leading to his eventual end. ?I?m losing weight, Dad, can?t you tell (51), Happy says as Willy boastfully rambles on about Biff?s great achievements in football. The resentment that builds up because of the lack of interest in Happy?s life on Willy?s account, also lead up to the tumultuous animosity between the two song and their father. Pity for Willy is hardly avoidable when reading Death of a Salesman. His low rank, the lack of respect displayed by his sons, his misguided dreams, all lead to sympathy for a character on the verge of senility. ?Nobody dast blame this man,? (231) says Charley at the grave site, because, despite what Willy was lead to believe, they understood the position he was in, even though the means do not justify the end. His dream of success as a salesman failed. The sons whom he took so muchShow MoreRelatedIs Willy Loman a Tragic Hero in Death of Salesman1305 Words   |  6 PagesWilly Loman’s character in Death of a Salesman portrays him as a tragic hero. Willy Loman continued to want his recognition and his reputation but never forgets about his family. These characteristics describe him as a tragic hero in Death of a Salesman. Willy Loman’s tragic flow leads him to purse the idea that reputation in society has more relevancies in life than knowledge and education to survive in the business. His grand error of wanting recognition drove him crazy and insane and lead toRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead MoreDeath of a Salesman: the Tragic Anti-Hero of Willy Loman1008 Words   |  5 PagescenterbA Success at Failure: The Tragic Anti-hero of Willy Loman/b/center br brA hundred years from now, it will not matter what type of car I drove, or what kind of house I lived in, or the amount of money I made, yet the world might be changed because I made a positive difference in the life of a child. This increasingly popular statement raises a question for those who might hear it: how does one impact a child s life for the better? A most obvious response would be to simply beRead More Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Willy Loman is NOT a Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Willy Loman is NOT a Tragic Hero In The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, it is argued weather that Willy Loman is a tragic hero. There are cases for both classifications of Willy. By definition, a tragic hero is a person born into nobility, is responsible for their own fate, endowed with a tragic flaw, and doomed to make a serious error in judgment. The tragic hero eventually falls from great esteem. They realize they have made an irreversible mistakeRead More Willy Loman as a Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essay examples919 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the troubled father and husband in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, can be classified as a tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle in his work, Poetics. In Aristotles Poetics, a tragic hero was defined as one who falls from grace into a state of extreme despair. Willy, as we are introduced to him, becomes increasingly miserable as he progresses from a dedicated, loving father, though not without flaws, into a suicidal, delusionalRead MoreWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1218 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman as a Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Should Willy Loman of Arthur Millers classic, Death of a Salesman be regarded as a tragic hero, or merely a working-class, socially inadequate failure? Described by Miller as a self-destructive, insecure anti-hero, it seems almost impossible for Loman to be what is known as a tragic hero in the classical sense, but with the inclusion of other factors he maybe a tragic hero, at least in the modernRead More Willy Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1065 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   The events in the life of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman are no doubt tragic, yet whether or not he can be considered a tragic hero in a traditional sense is a topic requiring some discussion. Aristotle set the criteria for qualities a character must possess in order to be considered a tragic hero. In order to reach a conclusion on this matter, all six criteria must be examined to determineRead MoreCharacteristics Of Willy Loman A Tragic Hero834 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman a Tragic Hero? Death Of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by american playwright Arthur Miller. It is a breathtaking play about Willy Loman, a salesman, trying to chase a dream that died long ago. It expresses how the old man’s life comes crumbling down with his last few attempts to make some of his dream reality and help his family in debt. Now people are debating weather Willy loman fits the right characteristics to be classified as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who makesRead MoreEssay about The American Dream in Death of a Salesman1371 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Salesman’ is an examination of American life and consumerism. It relates the story of a common man who portrays this lifestyle. Other issues explored in the play include: materialism, procrastination and alienation. The play was set in 1948, in a time where The American Dream was highly regarded, despite the Depression. The American Dream was a belief that emerged in the later half of the nineteenth century, that if you work hard you will achieve success and prosperityRead MoreExamples Of Tragedy In Death Of A Salesman1199 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough both are the top elements that are the focus of tragedy, the other four are imperative to achieve the tone and overall character of one. In Death of A Salesman by Arthur Miller, the character Willy Loman is an average modern American man with a superficial American Dream: to be liked, to succeed over everyone else, to be a great salesman. Willy possessed a misguided love for his family and a yearning for success. As his life takes its course, it peaks in his son’s high school years when he

Healthy Food Vs Unhealthy Food - 1043 Words

Healthy food vs unhealthy food, knowing the difference and what it does to our body and why some of the food we eat causes obesity. They both have a similarity, but there is a huge difference in healthy and unhealthy food. The main difference are taste, cost, and health. You will see a difference in the costs, but not a huge difference, but we are still saving money from not eating healthy food. Buying cheaper food and healthy food you will see the quality and quantity. Especially, how it looks, feels, and how much comes with the product. I feel like our rate of obesity is so high because healthy food is more expensive than eating junk food or fast food. When eating healthy there are a good amount of benefits compared to not eating†¦show more content†¦Just about every fast food restaurant offers some kind of healthy alternatives today. Whether it’s grilled chicken sandwiches, wraps, or salads, there is usually something for everyone. One thing to keep in mind is that healthier options generally tend to be a little more expensive. But because it is fast food, you are still going to save money over homemade foods. (2017, July 5). Healthy food quality and quantity. Yes , you are paying more for healthy food and yes, you do get less product from paying their expensive healthy food. When you are buying healthy food they already have them package individually so the food you buy will have just amount of calories you want and just enough of nutrients. Having such good quality from eating healthy food, it will make you fuller faster because of the product they put in the meat, snacks, and drinks. There are a few disadvantages of eating unhealthy cheap food because sometimes the product they make contains too much salt and fat. Which is why sometimes cheap food has bad quality for the price you are getting. Unhealthy foods contain unhealthy product do not get me wrong though, there are some cheap food that does have great quality in their food. You just have to pick out the right stuff for the right prices. There is not a huge price difference in healthy food or unhealthyShow MoreRelatedHealthy Foods Vs. Unhealthy Foods1939 Words   |  8 Pagesshop for healthy foods? Studies prove that the expense of vegetables, fruits and organic products, have caused the obesity levels in the U.S. to increase dramatically. Healthy foods should be cheaper than junk foods because we shouldn t be paying more to live a healthier lifestyle. In our society, healthy choices are sometimes a lot harder to make than unhealthy ones; going to the gym vs. staying home, ordering a salad vs. French fries or buying healthy groceries vs. unhealthy ones. Healthy foodsRead MoreCauses Of Junk Food Essay855 Words   |  4 Pages12 July 2017 The Quick Solution: Junk Food Studies show that a minimum of 1 in 4 people eat junk food every single day (â€Å"11 Facts About American Eating Habits†). It may appear as a small portion, but in reality that is almost one billion, seven hundred fifty million individuals who are consuming processed, fried,and baked foods daily. Even though these foods have no nutritional value and can lead to different health problems, people would rather eat junk food because of its conveniency and its wayRead MoreObesity : A Healthy Lifestyle919 Words   |  4 PagesToo many people are obese. Americans are becoming very lazy and are less motivated to work out or exercise. Americans are also becoming dependent to fast unhealthy food places to eat every day. Americans need to choose a healthy lifestyle vs. an unhealthy lifestyle because being healthy is essential in today’s competitive world. According to Center of Disease Control in 2013 it states that 35.7% of Americans are obese. Obesity is a very harmful disease that can be cured from good nutrition andRead MoreWhy Does America Have An Obesity Problem?1600 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsibility to keep one’s self healthy, but are there ways the government can strive for an overall healthier diet for Americans? Can we change the manipulative ways of Super Markets and persuade them to look past profit? The American government should put in effort to provide a better dietary path for American citizens by working on motivating individuals to make better choices in their diet, pushing Super markets and industries to work together to lower prices of healthier foods, and placing policies andRead MorePROPOSAL TO REDUCE UNHEALTHY EATING HABIT AMONG STUDENTS AT MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND758 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose of this study is to r educe the unhealthy eating habits among MUN students through investigating the reasons that lead to unhealthy eating habits and showing the harms that are caused by unhealthy diets to make students aware of their food and health choices. Suggestions will be made for students to manage the menu and evaluate balanced nutrition. Historical Background Students at Memorial University are facing great pressure from school and work. A healthy eating habit can help students toRead MoreThe Problem With Today s Adolescent Society1432 Words   |  6 Pagesvery unhealthy lifestyle that if not taken under control, could potentially lead to Type II Diabetes or high cholesterol. Some people believe that the kids’ parents should be leading their children in the right direction but the parents may not have the correct education or understanding for knowing the components of a healthy diet and lifestyle. On the other hand, other believe that childhood obesity comes from fast food and the media offering the consumers a very cheap way to an unhealthy mealRead MoreEssay about Health Benefits of the South Beach Diet823 Words   |  4 Pagesonly healthy foods and in limited amounts, the South Beach diet proves to be an effective and safe path to weight loss. South Beach permits foods which are high in fiber and low in saturated fat such a s whole grain rice, salmon and nuts. The diet does not exclude any particular class of food, fats or carbohydrates for example, but insists that foods high in cholesterol, such as bacon, be avoided. Yet, this is not the only restriction of the diet. South Beach also limits the amount of food consumedRead MoreObesity : The Current State Of Obesity1518 Words   |  7 Pagesa greater than that of other countries who live healthier lifestyles. Living healthy lifestyles is a great goal for a country to look towards achieving, and encouraging these lifestyles can benefit the country as well as the people. There are a lot of benefits for living healthy lifestyles, while there are also many negatives to living an unhealthy lifestyle. Taxing fatty foods would help to encourage buying healthy foods, and it could reduce obesity rates in America. There are a couple of problemsRead MoreThe Speech : Plant Based Diet1065 Words   |  5 Pageshave had a plant-based diet and a diet made up of p rocessed food and meat, and based on my experience and research it is clear that a plant based diet is the better choice. D. Preview main points I will be telling you today how plant-based foods are healthier for you, how it will help improve your mental health, and how eating plant based foods is cheaper. (Transition) Before I get ahead of myself I will tell you how plant-based foods are far healthier for your body than animal products. IIRead MoreThe Current State Of Obesity1526 Words   |  7 Pagesa greater than that of other countries who live healthier lifestyles. Living healthy lifestyles is a great goal for a country to look towards achieving, and encouraging these lifestyles can benefit the country as well as the people. There are a lot of benefits for living healthy lifestyles, while there are also many negatives to living an unhealthy lifestyle. Taxing fatty foods would help to encourage buying healthy foods, and it could reduce obesity rates in America. There are a couple of problems

The Negative Effects of Smoking - 1151 Words

One of the hardest things in life is saying goodbye to the ones you love for the very last time. Smoking is a life-threatening addiction that has brought this tragedy to millions of families at an accelerated pace and not all have been those who do smoke. No one wants to have to deal with tragedy, but nowadays there may be no way to avoid it. Unless, that is, our government intervenes, and puts something into place to end the threat of Secondhand Smoke exposure. I believe the one thing that can be done to avoid this exposure, leading to the unwanted tragedy, is a nationwide public smoking ban. Everyone says that Smoking or not is your choice. While that is true, the effects that come of it are not. When a person smokes everyone around them is exposed. Smokers may be okay with taking a chance of dying over it, but are others willing to allow their Husband, wife, son, Daughter, or other family members to die over it as well? Smoking poses threats to others, especially smoking in a public place. According to MedlinePlus, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, if each state puts a smoking ban in public places, they estimate that there would be 18,000 fewer heart attacks in one year in the United States. People who smoke potentially know their fate. Why is it we as the public should let those smokers can give the same fate to those who do not smoke? Smokers answer to this is, â€Å"Okay, it is dangerous, but I don’t want to have to walk a mile to smoke a cigarette†, butShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Smoking1719 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Smoking causes 1,300 deaths daily in the U.S., and an estimated 5.6 million pre-mature deaths is expected among American youths18 years and younger due to a smoking-related illness if smoking continues at the current rate (CDC, 2017). According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there are currently 40 million adult smokers in the U.S. (CDC, 2017), and 763,960 of these residents are from Massachusetts (DPH, 2014). Smoking can cause various kinds of cancer such as those of the cervixRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Smoking1492 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking not only hurts its users, but it hurts whole communities and the economy. Researchers believe that smoking began around 1 BCE, with recreational use becoming a common thing as soon as European settlers reached the Americas in the 15th century (Borio). Throughout the past centuries, tobacco has been used in many different ways. As more methods of utilizing tobacco have become possibilities, their negative effects on their users and other people have increased. In order to make the tobaccoRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking892 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty one people die due to smoking which is about one person every minute. Even though smoking is bad it helps the government and the people. Smoking doesn’t kill a person it does more than that. It changes your appearance, health, and affects the people around you. Many people shoul d understand that smoking is not good for their health. One should consider the consequences of smoking. Every time a person smokes they are just pulling the trigger to kill themselves. Smoking cigarettes is very injuriousRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking1195 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Cigarettes destroy life. Toxic to the body. We are young generation. Confident for non-smokers.† This is motto of the Army Reserve Command to cultivate reserve officer training corps student and other youth to realize the harm of smoking. What is cigarette? cigarette under the Tobacco Act BE 2509 means that the tobacco or flavored tobacco, whether the drug or drugs to dry the compressed mixed or not. Which the cigarettes made with paper or object made instead of paper or dryRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking Essay example2027 Words   |  9 Pages1.0 Introduction Smoking is considered a true addiction and is widespread throughout the world between the percentage of smokers at 47% of men and 12% of women who smoke, this causes cardiovascular diseases and deaths are caused by lung cancer and pharynx. Countries with low levels of socio-economic development ranked first in the ranks of the largest number of smokers with more than 15 years. The country sits at 46%, with a prevalence of 35% in people over the age of 15 years. This habit isRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking cigarettes can be very harmful to your life with so many health issues, such as heart disease, cancer and emphysema. Some people think it’s not a huge issue smoking cigarettes but it’s a great way to lose ten years of your life. You lose lots of money, a lifetime of health issues, and cause you to have yellowing of the teeth and bad breath .There is way too many health risks involved to start using this drug. Say no to cigarettes you will be healthier in the end then to continue on this wrongfulRead MoreNegative Effects of Smoking on Human Health and the Economy1475 Words   |  6 Pages Moreover, smoking particularly adversely affects womens reproductive health, and smoke exposure on children has had detrimental and some sometimes fatal effects on children. Many studies have examined and outlined the adverse effects of maternal smoking on both the mother as well as on the baby and/or infant ( Hofhuis, de Jongste, Merkus, 2003 Woolbright 1994). Many states such as Alabama required documentation on birth certificates of tobacco use of mothers (Woolbright, 1994). Despite theRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking Tobacco Essay examples1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Negative Effects of Smoking Tobacco One may think they have benefits from smoking because they fit in the crowd. Of course, thats not true. Someone may tell you that if you smoke youll be cool and everyone will like you. Then the crowd that smokes will like you but others may not. Your family may think you are uncool since you smoke. Other friends that you had may start not liking you since they wont want to be around you when you smoke. You might start to rather smoke then beRead MoreReason Why Teenagers Age 13- 18 Years Old from Different Colleges and Universities Engage in Cigarette Smoking Despite Its Negative Effects2166 Words   |  9 PagesEngage Themselves to Smoking A thesis submitted to the Faculty of St. Paul College, Pasig In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research Nicole Therese Ang-Angco Caryl Marie Balagot Cara Dominique Beltran Sheena Sharmaine Estayo Julianne Rose Santarina March 2009 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING A. Research Problem: Reason why teenagers age 13- 18 years old from different colleges and universities engage in cigarette smoking despite its negative effects B. Objectives:Read MoreOutcome of Banning Smoking in Public Areas663 Words   |  3 Pagesasthma problems has dropped by after smoking was banned in public places. Researchers from the University of Maastricht and the University of Edinburgh studied 250,000 hospital visits and more than 2.5 million births for asthma attacks in children. It was discovered that â€Å"preterm births and hospital attendance for asthma has fallen by 10% â€Å" especially in areas where smoking is banned. Though banning smoking at in public places would possibly have a negative effect, because people may start to smoke

Is Money a Motivator Free Essays

There are countless articles circulating today instructing managers on how to motivate their employees. Some theories state that all workers are motivated primarily by the need for money; so if you want to get the most out of your workforce, you pay them more. So, is money a motivator? Motivation is the encouragement to do something. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Money a Motivator? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (1) There are short term motivators and there are long term motivators. There are also different levels and sides to motivation. In this article I would like to focus on three theories in particular which discuss motivational needs for an individual and how as a manager you can address them in the work place: The first is Maslow’s need hierarchy which led to McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and the last theory is Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene Theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs consists of five levels of needs to be satisfied. This model suggests that as people satisfy needs on one level, they progress to the next level of needs as motivation for their behavior. It is only the unsatisfied needs which can influence behavior, not the satisfied needs. 1) Under Maslow’s Hierarchy money would be recognized within the safety category (or a base need for behavior). When you have money you feel secure, because you have a resource you need to survive. According to Maslow once that need is fulfilled you move to the next level for motivation. (1) In this case money itself is no longer a motivator because that need has been satisfied. As a manager, you can use this knowledge to continue to motivate your employees. If they are already satisfied with money, in that it is no longer a primary need, you should move up the pyramid. Work to build the employee’s confidence, respect them, and give the individual projects that drive him/her to satisfy the higher level needs. Douglas McGregor took the work Maslow did with the hierarchy of needs and grouped it into two theories on how people view human behavior at work and organizational life. McGregor called this Theory X and Theory Y; Theory X is focused on the â€Å"lower order† needs and Theory Y focuses on the â€Å"higher order† needs identified by Maslow. (4) McGregor suggests that management could use either theory to motivate employees but that the better results would stem from meeting the Theory Y needs. Let us take a closer look at two theories and how money fits into the picture. Theory X states that management’s role is to coerce and control employees: †¢ People have inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. †¢ People must be controlled, directed or threatened in order to achieve. †¢ People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility and have little ambition. †¢ People seek security above all else. (2) Theory Y states that management’s role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. Work is natural, like play and rest †¢ People will exercise self direction if they are committed †¢ People learn to accept and seek responsibility †¢ People have potential(2) In Maslow’s hierarchy we identified that money falls under safety, or the need for security. McGregor’s theories show security under the X Theory, that above all security is what peo ple seek. If as a manager you run your organization under Theory X, you would agree that money is a motivator for your employees. You would agree, that in order to get the most out of your workforce you should pay them more. If you manage under Theory Y, money may be a part of your business but is not what drives your employees to achieve. The last theory I would like to look at is Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. This theory focuses on the factors causing job satisfaction and the factors causing job dissatisfaction, and that they are different. Herzberg called the satisfiers motivators and dissatisfiers hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are in a sense maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but do not themselves provide satisfaction. 3) These factors should not be treated as opposites of each other. The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather, no satisfaction. Similarly, the opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction. (4) Motivation factors lead to positive mental health and challenge people to grow, but at the same time do not lead to dissatisfaction. Above is a list of the top 6 motivation factors or factors leading to satisfaction in the w ork place. Look at how the possibility for advancement can challenge you to grow. Before you were a manager you had an opportunity to advance in your career, to become a manager. This information motivated you to work hard and continually grow as an employee; it brought satisfaction to your job. As a manager you want to bring these factors into your workplace in order to bring the most out of your employees. Hygiene factors can lead to job dissatisfaction. When hygiene factors are either not present or not sufficient you feel dissatisfied. (3) However, they in turn do not lead to satisfaction when they are present. For instance an employees work conditions. If you have favorable work conditions it does not motivate you to work harder, it does not bring satisfaction into your job but you are comfortable so there is no dissatisfaction with your position. Look at how money works, if you get a raise for the job you are doing it does not motivate you to work harder. At the same time if you did not get the raise you wanted or needed you become dissatisfied with your position or management. Money or an employee’s salary is a hygiene factor. It is a biological need because you need money for food, water and shelter. Money becomes a drive for all people because of this truth. It will give a short run of motivation because we need it to survive, but only the intrinsic or motivation factors can determine job satisfaction or no satisfaction. If this theory holds true as a manager you need to provide the hygiene factors to avoid employee dissatisfaction, but also must provide the intrinsic factors to the job itself in order to satisfy your employees. Overall, this theory recognizes that true motivation comes from within a person and not from external factors. The external factors will just dissatisfy and discourage your employees if they unfavorable. Is money a motivator? All three theories studied show that money is a biological need; it is something every person needs to sustain modern life. It is at the base of Maslow’s pyramid, it is in McGregor’s Theory X which focuses around Maslow’s base of the pyramid and it is a hygiene factor in Herzberg’s theory. All of these theories show that money is a short term motivator. If you do not have money, which causes you to go hungry, you will be motivated to take any job to fill that basic need. Once that need is met it no longer motivates you to grow in your career, it doesn’t drive you to go above and beyond the bar set for your current position. As a long term motivator money loses its power over time and can not be considered one. Because once the basic needs of an individual are met they move to other factors to motivate themselves: respect, relationships, advancement, satisfaction. I agree with all three of our theorists that money is a necessity and if it is not present people may become dissatisfied with their jobs, but at the same time it will not motivate the individual to take the next steps in their current career. You can not just pay them more in order to get the most out of them. You need to bring other factors to the workplace in order to motivate your employees to give you their all. About the Author: I am a under graduate from Ferris State University, with my degree in Biology Education. I am attending Elmhurst College in pursuit of my Masters in order take my education to the next level, expand my knowledge of business fundamentals, practices and innovations and to build lasting relationships with my peers and professors. I currently work for Menlo Worldwide, a Global Third Party Logistics Provider. I one day hope to be a respected leader within the organization I work for. How to cite Is Money a Motivator?, Papers

Innovation and Sustainable Business Development for Disruptive

Question: Discuss about theInnovation and Sustainable Business Development for Disruptive. Answer: Commonwealth Bank is a multinational Australian Bank headquartered in Sydney. Along with Australia, Commonwealth Bank is situated in various other parts of the globe such as New Zealand, Asia, and United States and in United Kingdom. Initially, it was founded by Australian Government but later on it was fully privatised in 1996 on listed on Australian Stock Exchange in 1991. Currently, bank has more than 1100 branches along with 51,800 employees across worldwide locations (Commonwealth bank, 2018). Commonwealth Bank is one of the largest companies in terms of revenues in global banking industry. Success and growth of an organization is dependent over its business model, business ethics and the strategies adopted to match up with the latest trends of market, to fulfil its customers needs, as well as to build an effective image amongst the competitive business environment. In this business essay, business model canvas of Commonwealth Bank will be discussed. Along with the business mode l, disruption and innovation will also be discussed in relation with the analysis of threats and opportunities of utilisation of smart-connected devices will also be covered under this business essay. This essay will help to determine the effectiveness of business model and smart-connected devices in relation with the Commonwealth Bank. Business model and disruption In order to gain success and growth for a longer period of time, organizations are required to adopt appropriate business model and disruptive techniques. Both these terms plays vital role in an organizational life-cycle. Business model describes the procedure of how an organization delivers, creates, and captures the value in correlation with the social, economic, cultural and in other contexts. Construction of business model is a crucial segment of business strategies (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2010). Disruptive innovation is used in the businesses to form new markets and value network and disrupts existing markets and value networks in order to enhance the productivity and efficiency. All innovations are not disruptive but all disruptions are tending to be innovations. For example: when automobiles were initially introduced in the market, it did not disrupt the market of horse-down vehicles. But when mobile phones were introduced in the market, it disrupted the whole market of other medium of communication such as landline phones, etc. It is known as disruptive innovation (Porter Heppelmann, 2014). Business model canvas framework is introduced by Osterwalder, et al. (2011) in order to combine all the components of a business together. This framework acts as the vital strategy included in the strategic management which is mainly used for developing business models. This framework includes all crucial elements of business such as products description, value propositions, resources, customers and other required resources (Osterwalder, et. al., 2011). Another aim of the business model is to perform well and in an effective manner in dynamic business conditions. All the functionalities are managed in the most appropriate manner which is required to obtain expected outcomes. Along with this, business model also helps the organization to make optimum utilisation of the available resources with the objective of delivering value to its targeted demographics (Porter Heppelmann, 2015). Along with the business model canvas framework for building the effective and result oriented business model, disruptive innovation model has also been adopted by the companies nowadays with the objective of uplifting the market image along with gaining competitive advantage. Adaptation of disruptive innovation leads to generate positive outcomes and develops unique value dimensions to serve the potential customers in the most appropriate manner (Guttentag, 2015). Some of them value dimensions served to the customers are simplicity, reduced prices; enhance quality, convenience, etc. Disruptive innovation brings unique ways for the organizations to move towards success, growth and other variables which are necessary to attain competitive advantage in the target market. In relation with the disruptive innovation technology, smart-connected devices are also growing rapidly in the market. These devices are assisting the companies to move towards automation from manual work procedure. Apa rt from this, smart-connected devices reduce chance of men-made errors and other glitches which could reduce the efficiency of an organization. With the help of disruptive technology, organizations are using smart-connected devices in their operations with the objective of enhancing the efficiency and productivity of the organization (Christensen, et. al., 2011). Software, sensors, and other technological devices which ease the organizational functionality and increase the efficiency of organization are known as smart-connected devices. Technologies help the organization to make their operation effective and quick and the same goes with smart-connected devices. These devices form a way between the customers and organization in order to share information, raising a query, etc. The data collected from these products can be then analysed to inform decision-making, enable operational efficiencies and continuously improve the performance of the product (Chesbrough, 2010). Numerous products and services are being delivered by the Commonwealth Bank to its customers. Services such as financial services, investment schemes, insurance plans, saving, current and other types of bank accounts, broking services, retirement and maturity schemes, etc. are provided by Commonwealth Bank. Major reason of organizational success and expansion in various parts of the globe is adaptation of trending techniques and effective business model (King Baatartogtokh, 2015). Apart from this, Commonwealth Banks success could also be measured by the utilisation of smart-connected devices in their operations. Certain disruptive innovations made by the team of Commonwealth Bank are smart machines, Block-chains, Internet of Things, big data and smart-chipped cards. The smart-chipped cards have unique features and provide various advantages to its users. Generally, debit cards are being used for transacting and shopping purposes but debit cards issued by Commonwealth Bank are less w ith unique safety features. These safety features saves customers of bank from fraudulent activities as well as in the scenarios of card lost, it could be deactivated easily by a mobile application only. These are certain crucial innovations made by Commonwealth bank to enhance its effectiveness (Demil Lecocq, 2010). It has been observed that smart-connected devices bring various opportunities and threats for the organization. In relation with the adaptation of smart-connected devices, Commonwealth bank has introduced smart machine in their operations which enables the bank to provide unique financial services to its potential customers across the globe. The smart-machine is introduced with the help of sensors and advanced technology which enables the bank to manage and record the information regarding transactions made by its customers (Fadlullah, et. al., 2011). This machine has the capability to manage all the branches of banks interlinked with each other. Along with these services and facilities, Commonwealth Bank also provide online banking, online account opening, and other crucial services to its customers. With the help of these technology and advancements, organization has attained growth related attributes along with an impressive growth rate (Christensen, Raynor McDonald, 2016). Along with the opportunities to grow and prosper, there are various challenges and threats linked with the usage of smart-connected devices. One of the biggest challenges is dependency over technology and automation. Due to this, manual processing of functionalities is getting declined whereas users also face certain challenges such as losing the passwords for online banking. Apart from this, old aged people are also facing challenges in order to make use these technologies (Sun, et. al., 2016). In relevance with these challenges, it is required for the management of bank to provide adequate information of using these technologies along with the procedure of recovering the passwords. The major threat of smart-connected devices is the fraudulent activities because card lost; leakage of confidential credentials of customers could lead to big loss for the bank as well as for its users. Thus, it has been recommended to the bank and its users to keep their confidential credentials in safe and secure place through which these technologies and advanced could be utilised in an optimum manner (Yu Hang, 2010). Key Partners Firms issuing credit cards Subsidiary companies in other parts of the globe Local clients in other countries Stakeholders Security providing firms Vault services providing firms Key Activities Retail banking Investment schemes Credit card facility Insurance plans Risk evaluation techniques Value Proposition Quality financial services Reliable investment schemes Customer-centric retail banking services Brand equity in banking sector, Australia Practical growth Provides services to local and small banks and financial institutions Customer Relationships Renders quality services to its customers (Harwood, et. al., 2014). Practice various functionalities in relevance with making customer relations strong Customer centric approach Takes customer feedbacks on priority Brand image Customer Segments All customer segments Business organization, government, and all people Credit card users Key Resources Wide and effective distribution network Operates from more than 1100 branches worldwide Brand image of being one of the largest banks in terms of revenues, service quality, etc. across the globe ATM Effective men-power Skilled technicians Channels Own communication channels Official website Other social media platforms Cost Structure Salaries to employees Remuneration to financial experts Administrative costs Other financial costs Maintenance, security, interest, etc. fees. Rewards and returns Revenue Streams Interest on loans Interest on credit card payments Fees for overdraft facility Debit card fees Other services fees and fees on non-maintenance of minimum balance in account. Above discussed business canvas model is adopted by Commonwealth Bank, Australia. This model has made the organization effective enough to achieve desired goals and objectives. Along with this, it has been observed that for effective management of business practices, appropriate model, structure or a framework is required. With the help of this model, organizational capabilities could also be compared with its achievements and gaps recognised could also be fulfilled in an effective and appropriate manner. References Chesbrough, H., 2010. Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers.Long range planning,43(2-3), pp.354-363. Christensen, C. M., Horn, M. B., Caldera, L., Soares, L. (2011). Disrupting College: How Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education.Innosight Institute. Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., McDonald, R. (2016). What is disruptive Innovation.The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction,2. Commonwealth Bank. (2018). Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., Joiner, R. (2014). Constantly connectedThe effects of smart-devices on mental health.Computers in Human Behavior,34, 267-272.accessed from: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us.html?ei=CB-footer_about-commbank [online]. [21st April 2018]. Demil, B. and Lecocq, X., 2010. Business model evolution: in search of dynamic consistency.Long range planning,43(2-3), pp.227-246. Fadlullah, Z. M., Fouda, M. M., Kato, N., Takeuchi, A., Iwasaki, N., Nozaki, Y. (2011). Toward intelligent machine-to-machine communications in smart grid.IEEE Communications Magazine,49(4). Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism accommodation sector.Current issues in Tourism,18(12), 1192-1217. Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., Joiner, R. (2014). Constantly connectedThe effects of smart-devices on mental health.Computers in Human Behavior,34, 267-272. King, A. A., Baatartogtokh, B. (2015). How useful is the theory of disruptive innovation?.MIT Sloan Management Review,57(1), 77. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2010).Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley Sons. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Oliveira, M. A. Y., Ferreira, J. J. P. (2011). Business Model Generation: A handbook for visionaries, game changers and challengers.African journal of business management,5(7), 8918-8932. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition.Harvard Business Review,92(11), 64-88. Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2015). How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), 96-114. Sun, Y., Song, H., Jara, A. J., Bie, R. (2016). Internet of things and big data analytics for smart and connected communities.IEEE Access,4, 766-773. Yu, D., Hang, C. C. (2010). A reflective review of disruptive innovation theory.International journal of management reviews,12(4), 435-452.